Un estudio difundido este jueves confirma por primera vez empíricamente que la propagación del coronavirus dentro de los hogares se debió a su presencia en manos y superficies, lo que, de cara a futuras pandemias, justifica la necesidad de mantener una buena higiene.
El estudio, realizado por científicos del Imperial College London en colaboración con la Agencia de Seguridad en la Salud del Reino Unido (UKHSA, en inglés) y la universidad de Oxford, demuestra que el riesgo de infección entre allegados aumentaba si el virus estaba presente «en las manos de las personas y las superficies del hogar que se suelen tocar con frecuencia».
La investigación encabezada por Ajit Lalvani, publicada en «The Lancet Microbe», no examinó la presencia del virus en el aire y por tanto no descarta que también se transmitiera de esta manera.
Los investigadores examinaron a 414 contactos que vivían en los mismos hogares que 279 casos diagnosticados, entre el 1 de agosto de 2020 y el 31 de marzo de 2021, en el punto álgido de la pandemia y cuando pocas personas habían sido vacunadas. El rango de edad fue de 6 a 79 años, y el 52 % eran mujeres, apuntan.
Todos los «contactos» se sometieron regularmente a pruebas PCR de detección de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y también se obtuvieron hisopos de las manos tanto de los casos primarios como de sus allegados, así como de las superficies más manipuladas, como manijas de puertas de refrigeradores y teteras o grifos de cocina.
Los investigadores descubrieron que, «si el virus se detectaba en las manos de los casos principales, los contactos en su hogar tenían 1,7 más probabilidades de infectarse que aquellos en hogares donde los casos primarios no tenían el virus en sus manos».
Si el virus estaba presente en las superficies, los contactos tenían 3,8 veces más probabilidades de tener el virus en sus manos y 1,7 veces más probabilidades de dar positivo en un PCR, señalan.
Nalvani afirma que «hasta ahora no se había demostrado que la presencia del virus en las manos de las personas o en las superficies del hogar permite anticipar una transmisión a los contactos».
Los hallazgos respaldan pues la adopción de determinadas medidas dentro de la vivienda cuando alguien tiene una infección, en particular «el lavado frecuente de manos, la desinfección regular de superficies y el distanciamiento físico, así como el uso de máscaras para frenar la propagación de la COVID-19», dice el estudio.
Los autores advierten de que su investigación es solo observacional, por lo que no prueba una «causalidad», y reconocen además que las etnias no blancas y los grupos de mayor edad estuvieron sobrepresentados. Por otra parte, por las fechas en que se desarrolló, el estudio se limita a las variantes pre-alfa y alfa, apuntan.
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